Lab Manual for Biomedical Research

When AIDS first became known, it was a very mysterious disease. It caused the death of many people. There are still many unanswered questions about the disease. Many people reacted with fear and came up with stories to back up their fear. Most of these had to do with how easy it was to become infected with HIV. Most of these are not true.

TRANSMISSION MYTHS

Many people believed that HIV and AIDS could be transmitted by a mosquito bite, by sharing a drinking glass with someone with AIDS, by being around someone with AIDS who was coughing, by hugging or kissing someone with AIDS, and so on. See fact sheet 150 for current information on how HIV is transmitted. Transmission can only occur if someone is exposed to blood, semen, vaginal fluid or mother’s milk (see fact sheet 611) from an infected person. There is no documentation of transmission from the tears or saliva of an infected person.

· Myth: A woman with HIV infection can’t have children without infecting them.

· Reality: Without any treatment, HIV-infected mothers pass HIV to their newborns about 25% of the time. However, with modern treatments, this rate has dropped to only about 2%. See Fact Sheet 611 for more information about HIV and pregnancy.

· Myth: HIV is being spread by needles left in theater seats or vending machine coin returns.

· Reality: There is no documented case of this type of transmission.

MYTHS ABOUT A CURE

It can be very scary to have HIV infection or AIDS. The course of the disease is not very predictable. Some people get very sick in just a few months. Others live healthy lives for 20 years or more. The treatments can be difficult to take, with serious side effects. Not everyone can afford the medications. It’s not surprising that scam artists have come up with several “cures” for AIDS that involve a variety of substances. Unfortunately, none of these “cures” work. See fact sheet 206 for more information on frauds related to AIDS.

A very unfortunate myth in some parts of the world is that having sex with a virgin will cure AIDS. As a result, many young girls have been exposed to HIV and have developed AIDS. There is no evidence to support this belief.

· Myth: Current medications can cure AIDS. It’s no big deal if you get infected.

· Reality: today’s medications have cut the death rate from AIDS by about 80%. They are also easier to take than they used to be. However, they still have side effects, are very expensive, and have to be taken every day for the rest of your life. If you miss too many doses, HIV can develop resistance (see fact sheet 126) to the drugs you are taking and they’ll stop working.

AIDS IS A DEATH SENTENCE

In the 1980s, there was a very high death rate from AIDS. However, medications have improved dramatically and so has the life span of people with HIV infection. If you have access to ARVs and to medical monitoring, there’s no reason you can’t live a long life even with HIV infection or AIDS.

THE GOVERNMENT DEVELOPED AIDS TO REDUCE MINORITY POPULATIONS

The world’s best researchers in government and in private pharmaceutical companies are working hard to try to stop AIDS. The government doesn’t have the capability to create a virus.

Many minorities do not trust the government, especially regarding health care. A recent study in Texas found that as many as 30% of Latinos and African Americans believed that HIV is a government conspiracy to kill minorities. However, it seems that minorities receive a lower level of health care due to the same factors as anyone else: low income, inconvenient health care offices, and so on. Attitudes about health care and health care providers were much less important.

MYTHS ABOUT MEDICATIONS

It has been very challenging for doctors to choose the best anti-HIV medications (ARVs) for their patients. When the first drugs were developed, they had to be taken as many as three times a day. Some drugs had complicated requirements about storage, or what kind of food they had to be taken with (or how long you had to wait after eating before taking a dose.) The reality of ARVs has changed dramatically. However, there are still some myths:

· Myth: You have to take your doses exactly 12 (or 8, or 24) hours apart.

· Reality: Medications today are fairly forgiving. Although you will have the most consistent blood levels of your drugs if they are taken at even intervals through the day, they won’t stop working if you’re off by an hour or two. However, people taking Crixivan® (indinavir) without ritonavir need to be very careful about timing.

· Myth: You have to take 100% of your doses on time or else they’ll stop working.

· Reality: It’s very important to take AIDS medications correctly. In fact, if you miss more than about 5% of your doses, HIV has an easier time developing resistance (see fact sheet 126) and possibly being able to multiply even when you’re taking ARVs. However, 100% adherence is not realistic for just about anyone. Do the best you can and be sure to let your health care provider what’s going on.

· Myth: Current drugs are so strong that you can stop taking them (take a drug holiday) with no problem.

· Reality: Ever since the first AIDS drugs were developed, patients have wanted to stop taking them due to side effects or just being reminded that they had AIDS. There have been many studies of “treatment interruptions” and all of them have shown that stopping your ARVs is very likely to cause problems. You could give the virus a chance to multiply (see fact sheet 125 on the viral load) or your count of CD4 cells (see fact sheet 124) could drop, a sign of immune damage.

· Myth: AIDS drugs are poison and are more dangerous than the HIV virus. Reality: When the first AIDS drugs became available, they weren’t as good as current medications. People still died of AIDS-related conditions. It’s true that some people get serious side effects from AIDS medications, but the death rate in the US has dropped by about 80%. Researchers are working hard to make HIV treatments easier and safer to use.

What's is AIDS

AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome:

· Acquired means you can get infected with it.

· Immune Deficiency means a weakness in the body’s system that fights diseases.

· Syndrome means a group of health problems that make up a disease.

AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. If you get infected with HIV, your body will try to fight the infection. It will make “antibodies,” special molecules to fight HIV.

A blood test for HIV looks for these antibodies. If you have them in your blood, it means that you have HIV infection. People who have the HIV antibodies are called “HIV-Positive.” Fact Sheet 102 has more information on HIV testing.

Being HIV-positive, or having HIV disease, is not the same as having AIDS. Many people are HIV-positive but don’t get sick for many years. As HIV disease continues, it slowly wears down the immune system. Viruses, parasites, fungi, and bacteria that usually don’t cause any problems can make you very sick if your immune system is damaged. These are called “opportunistic infections.” See Fact Sheet 500 for an overview of opportunistic infections.

HOW DO YOU GET AIDS?

You don’t actually “get” AIDS. You might get infected with HIV, and later you might develop AIDS. You can get infected with HIV from anyone who’s infected, even if they don’t look sick and even if they haven’t tested HIV-positive yet. The blood, vaginal fluid, semen, and breast milk of people infected with HIV has enough of the virus in it to infect other people. Most people get the HIV virus by:

· having sex with an infected person

· sharing a needle (shooting drugs) with someone who’s infected

· being born when their mother is infected, or drinking the breast milk of an infected woman

Getting a transfusion of infected blood used to be a way people got AIDS, but now the blood supply is screened very carefully and the risk is extremely low.

There are no documented cases of HIV being transmitted by tears or saliva, but it is possible to be infected with HIV through oral sex or in rare cases through deep kissing, especially if you have open sores in your mouth or bleeding gums. For more information, see the following Fact Sheets:

· 150: Stopping the Spread of HIV

· 151: Safer Sex Guidelines

· 152: How Risky Is It?

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1 to 1.2 million US residents are living with HIV infection or AIDS; about a quarter of them do not know they have it. About 75 percent of the 40,000 new infections each year are in men, and about 25 percent in women. About half of the new infections are in Blacks, even though they make up only 12 percent of the US population. In the mid-1990s, AIDS was a leading cause of death. However, newer treatments have cut the AIDS death rate significantly. For more information, see the US Government fact sheet at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/aidsstat.htm

WHAT HAPPENS IF I’M HIV POSITIVE?

You might not know if you get infected by HIV. Within a few weeks after being infected, some people get fever, headache, sore muscles and joints, stomach ache, swollen lymph glands, or a skin rash for one or two weeks. Most people think it’s the flu. Some people have no symptoms. Fact Sheet 103 has more information on the early stage of HIV infection.

The virus will multiply in your body for a few weeks or even months before your immune system responds. During this time, you won’t test positive for HIV, but you can infect other people.

When your immune system responds, it starts to make antibodies. When this happens, you will test positive for HIV. After the first flu-like symptoms, some people with HIV stay healthy for ten years or longer. But during this time, HIV is damaging your immune system.

One way to measure the damage to your immune system is to count your CD4 cells. These cells, also called “T-helper" cells, are an important part of the immune system. Healthy people have between 500 and 1,500 CD4 cells in a milliliter of blood. Fact Sheet 124 has more information on CD4 cells.

Without treatment, your CD4 cell count will most likely go down. You might start having signs of HIV disease like fevers, night sweats, diarrhea, or swollen lymph nodes. If you have HIV disease, these problems will last more than a few days, and probably continue for several weeks.

HOW DO I KNOW IF I HAVE AIDS?

HIV disease becomes AIDS when your immune system is seriously damaged. If you have less than 200 CD4 cells or if your CD4 percentage is less than 14%, you have AIDS. See Fact Sheet 124 for more information on CD4 cells. If you get an opportunistic infection, you have AIDS. There is an “official” list of opportunistic infections, put out by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The most common ones are:

· PCP (Pneumocystis pneumonia), a lung infection; see Fact Sheet 515

· KS (Kaposi’s sarcoma), a skin cancer, Fact Sheet 511

· CMV (Cytomegalovirus), an infection that usually affects the eyes, Fact Sheet 504

· Candida, a fungal infection that can cause thrush (a white film in your mouth) or infections in your throat or vagina, Fact Sheet 501

AIDS-related symptoms also include serious weight loss, brain tumors, and other health problems. Without treatment, these opportunistic infections can kill you. The official (technical) CDC definition of AIDS is available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00018871.htm

AIDS is different in every infected person. A few people may die a few months after getting infected, but most live fairly normal lives for many years, even after they “officially” have AIDS. A few HIV-positive people stay healthy for many years even without taking antiretroviral medications (ART).

IS THERE A CURE FOR AIDS?

There is no cure for AIDS. Antiretroviral therapy (ART, see fact sheet 403) can slow down the HIV virus and slow down the damage to your immune system. Most people stay healthy as long as they continue ART. There is no way to “clear” HIV from the body.

Other drugs can prevent or treat opportunistic infections (OIs). In most cases, these drugs work very well. The newer, stronger ARVs have also helped reduce the rates of most OIs. A few OIs, however, are still very difficult to treat. See Fact Sheet 500 for more information on opportunistic infections.

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Thursday, February 1, 2018

What's wrong with Inout scripts?

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They have other phishing sites:

Phishing site 1. http://www.inoutscripts.com

Phishing site 2. http://www.enterspine.com/

Phishing site 3. https://www.parishcloud.com/

Phishing site 4. https://www.parishcloud.com/

Phishing site 5. https://www.storecave.com/

Phishing site 6. https://www.nesote.com/

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Inout Socialtiles v2.0 :447

Inout Socialtiles v2.0 $249

Mobile addon $99

File share $99

Wednesday, January 31, 2018

What happened to Inoutscripts Socialtiles?

15 months ago, I searched online and was attracted by advertisement by Inoutscripts.com. I purchased their Inout Socialtiles v2.0 and its addons for $447 totally.

The speed of this script was very slow. Sometimes, you logged in but could not logged out. The background picture was unchangeable. The “file share” addon was not working.

They neither refund, nor fixed the script. Actually, they had no professional developers to do the troubleshooting and customization. They are a team of scammers.

Finally, I had to give up the software, and changed into Oxwall.

Believe me. You should not do any business with this criminal company. They are a group of cheaters located in Kerala India. Their main members are Jacob, Kumar, Nair, and Saranya. Their address is located at: 1st Fl, Phase IV Carnival Infopark, Kochi, Kerala 682042,

India

They have other phishing sites:

Phishing site 1. http://www.inoutscripts.com

Phishing site 2. http://www.enterspine.com/

Phishing site 3. https://www.parishcloud.com/

Phishing site 4. https://www.parishcloud.com/

Phishing site 5. https://www.storecave.com/

Phishing site 6. https://www.nesote.com/

If you are the victim of Inoutscripts, please contact me freely. Let’s bring these bad guys to justice together.

Inout Socialtiles v2.0 :447

Inout Socialtiles v2.0 $249

Mobile addon $99

File share $99

Lab Manual for Biomedical Research

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Friday, February 2, 2018

Protein Purification Protocols

WHAT IS HIV TESTING

WHAT IS HIV TESTING?

HOW DO I GET TESTED?

WHAT DOES IT MEAN IF I TEST POSITIVE?

CAN I KEEP THE TEST RESULT CONFIDENTIAL?

HOW ACCURATE ARE THE TESTS?

THE BOTTOM LINE

AIDS MYTHS AND MISUNDERSTANDINGS

What's is AIDS

Inout Scripts™ : Based in Kerala India Fake Scripts Sacmming You and Me

Thursday, February 1, 2018

What's wrong with Inout scripts?

Wednesday, January 31, 2018

What happened to Inoutscripts Socialtiles?

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Friday, February 2, 2018

WHAT IS HIV TESTING?

HOW DO I GET TESTED?

WHAT DOES IT MEAN IF I TEST POSITIVE?

CAN I KEEP THE TEST RESULT CONFIDENTIAL?

HOW ACCURATE ARE THE TESTS?

THE BOTTOM LINE

Thursday, February 1, 2018

Wednesday, January 31, 2018

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